{"id":302,"date":"2024-11-01T07:14:53","date_gmt":"2024-11-01T07:14:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iemjurutera.my\/?p=302"},"modified":"2025-02-06T07:38:32","modified_gmt":"2025-02-06T07:38:32","slug":"biofuel-turning-agricultural-waste-into-energy-gold","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iemjurutera.my\/?p=302","title":{"rendered":"Biofuel: Turning Agricultural Waste into Energy Gold"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

by Ir. Alex Looi Tink Huey and Ir. Kwok Yew Hoe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The latest United Nations climate summit, COP28, held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, from 30 November to 12 December 2023, underscored a stark reality: Fossil fuels were the primary culprits behind climate change. Over 100 countries pledged to triple renewable energy (RE) capacity and to double the global rate of energy efficiency (EE) by 2030 [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, the most significant takeaway was the alarming lag in meeting these goals, jeopardising the 1.5\u00b0C warming limit established in the Paris Agreement. Under the Paris Agreement, countries agreed to substantially reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to enable the long-term increase in global average surface temperature to be kept well below 2\u00b0C [2]. Why is this crucial? Exceeding this may trigger multiple climate tipping points, leading to abrupt, irreversible changes and have a dangerous impact on humanity.

On 29 August, 2023, Prime Minister Dato\u2019 Seri Anwar Ibrahim, reaffirmed the nation\u2019s commitment to achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. He also announced an ambitious target to increase the installed RE capacity from 40% by 2040 to 70% by 2050 during the launch of the National Energy Transition Roadmap (NETR) [3]. As the largest contributor to GHG emissions, the energy sector is central to Malaysia\u2019s sustainability goals. The key pillars of the NETR include enhancing EE, increasing adoption of RE and fostering innovation in energy technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malaysia was ranked first place in South-East Asia and 35th in the world in the World Economic Forum\u2019s Energy Transition Index 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our robust agricultural sector, particularly palm oil production, generates substantial biomass and biogas resources. The industry is expected to produce approximately 110 million tonnes of biomass annually, including empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm kernel shells (PKS) and palm oil mill effluent (POME) [4]. As of 2020, over 125 biogas plants were operational, contributing to 28% of nationwide biogas implementation, with most connected to the national power grid [5]. However, not all biogas plants are located in strategic areas; most are located in remote places with limited access to the national power grid. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biofuels, which are practically carbon neutral, offer an alternative to diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Potential biofuels in Malaysia include biodiesel, bio-CNG and bio-LNG. Biodiesel can be produced from advanced acid esterification or oleochemical processes of all types of non-edible oils and fat wastes containing free fatty acids (FFA) [6]. Introduced in January 2020, the B20 mandate, requiring production of biofuel with a 20% palm oil component for the transport sector, has boosted biodiesel production. According to S&P Global Inc., the biodiesel production in Malaysia stood at 1.4 million metric tonnes in 2023 and was expected to surge to 2.5 million metric tonnes [7].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biogas capture is done by installing an anaerobic digester lagoon or tank system that allows the capture of the biogas. In its unpurified form, biogas from POME has methane composition of 55%-65%, with a high content of harmful gases such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) of up to 4,000 ppm. After purification or biogas upgrading, the methane content rises to a minimum of 90%, with very minimal traces of H2S. The gas characteristics of biomethane is equivalent to pipeline natural gas composition. Purified biogas or biomethane can be injected into the natural gas pipeline and distributed across the national gas grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, given the locations of biomethane plants which are spread mostly in rural locations with limited access to the gas pipeline, biomethane can also be upgraded to bio-CNG or bio-LNG, which can be efficiently stored and transported in CNG or LNG cylinders with a more cost-efficient means of gas distribution [5]. The virtual pipeline is a network of tube trailers that transport bioCNG or bio-LNG from the source to the off-takers, which are usually located in industrial zones. The bio-CNG or bio-LNG will then be fed into the receiving facility which will have a pressure reducing skid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Read the full article here:<\/strong>
IEM Web Portal for download:
https:\/\/www.myiem.org.my\/content\/iem_bulletin_2024-1139.aspx<\/a>
Or read it online here:
https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/en\/document\/view\/68990167\/jurutera-oct24<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] World Economic Forum. What were the key outcomes of COP 28? https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2023\/12\/cop28-keyoutcomes-un-climate-summit\/. Accessed May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] United Nations. 1.5oC: what it means and why it matters. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/climatechange\/science\/climate-issues\/degreesmatter. Accessed May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] Ministry of Economy. National Energy Transition Roadmap: energizing the nation, powering our future. Ministry of Economy; 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Chong, M. M., Tan, L. S., et. al. Potential of functionalized cellulose from oil palm biomass as nitrogen and phosphorus based nutrient absorbent \u2013 a review. http:\/\/jopr.mpob. gov.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/JOPR-Vol-33-3- September-2021.pdf. Journal of Oil Palm Research; September 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Amin, M. A., Yin, L. S., et. al. Methane biogas production in Malaysia: challenge and future plan. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley. com\/doi\/10.1155\/2022\/2278211#:~:text=The%20increasing%20 demand%20for%20biomethane,the%20national%20grid%20 %5B58%5D. International Journal of Chemical Engineering; October 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] Malaysia Investment Development Authority (MIDA). Our way: advanced biofuel. https:\/\/www.mida.gov.my\/our-way-advancedbiofuel\/. Accessed May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] S&P Global Inc. Malaysia\u2019s B20 mandate could boost biodiesel output by 79%: trade body head. https:\/\/www. spglobal.com\/commodityinsights\/en\/market-insights\/latest-news\/ agriculture\/030624-interview-malaysias-b20-mandate-couldboost-biodiesel-output-by-79-trade-body-head. Accessed May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/p>\n\n\n\n



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by Ir. Alex Looi Tink Huey and Ir. Kwok Yew Hoe The latest United Nations climate summit, COP28, held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, from 30 November to 12 December 2023, underscored a stark reality: Fossil fuels were the primary culprits behind climate change. 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